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A thin smear is made of the blood, stained with special dye and examined under the microscope. The normal red blood cells are described as normochromic(normal colour) and normocytic (normal size).
The urine can be acidic or alkaline depending on our food intake and the time of the day the sample is taken. The types of crystals detected in the urine will vary with the reaction of the urine.
Phosphate is primarily involved in bone metabolism. High levels are seen in normal children with active bone growth. Patients with kidney failure or bone disease also have high phosphate levels.
Platelets are small cytoplasmic fragments of the megakaryocytes which are found in the bone marrow. They play a major role in normal blood clotting and bleeding prevention. Platelet count below 50x109/l is associated with prolonged clotting and bleeding times, bleeding into the skin and tissue is seen in patients with leukemia, ITP and dengue haemorrhagic fever.
Prostate-specific antigen is a protein produced by normal, as well as malignant, cells of the prostate gland. Often elevated in people with prostate cancer, inflammation or enlargement of the prostate.
Protein in the urine usually indicates the presence of kidney disorder and should be present in every sample. Small amount of protein may be present in concentrated urine of normal person and also after strenuous exercise.
