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A circulating cancer-related antigen associated with metastatic breast cancer and is typically used to monitor response to therapy and can indicate disease status.
A tumor-associated antigen that is useful as a marker for pancreatic cancer. Elevated levels can also be a sign of bile duct, hepatocellular, gastric, colonic, esophageal and non-gastrointestinal cancer.
A surface glycoprotein antigen normally expressed in tissues derived from the non-mucinous epithelial ovarian cancer cells. It is also found in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, acute pancreatitis, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease. Women having menstruation or in their first trimester of pregnancy also have shown elevated levels of CA-125.
Calcium is necessary for strong bones and teeth, normal clotting of blood and muscle contraction. Low levels are due to poor dietary intake and a number of medical conditions.
A group of tumor markers referred to as oncofetal proteins and is elevated in various malignancies such as colorectal, gastrointestinal, breast, ovarian, liver and pancreatic cancers.
Casts are formed in the kidney tubules from protein filtered from the blood. They are present in larger numbers in kidney disorders associated with protein in the urine. A few casts may be seen in urine of normal people especially after exercise.
High blood cholesterol is due to excessive intake of cholesterol rich food and increased synthesis by the liver. High blood cholesterol leads to increased deposition in the blood vessel wall resulting in narrowing and subsequently blockage/atherosclerosis. Blood levels above 200mg/dl or 5.2 mmol/l is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis and this risk rises with increasing levels.
Blood creatinine level depends on the balance between the production and the excretion. Creatinine is produced by creatine breakdown (muscle). It is influenced by the muscle mass of a person but not by dietary factors. High levels are seen in kidney diseases.
The urine contains many substances in solution and depending on the reaction of the urine, they can become insoluble and form crystals. If crystals are present in large amounts and for prolonged periods, stone formation may occur.
